Learning about research and information from the Covid-19 pandemic. No.6 Research builds on earlier research so remember to reference.

Research and referencing

Have you heard the story of how Pythagoras came up with his new theorem while bathing and jumped out of the bath crying "Eureka"? (See the start of the TED-Ed video below if you want to hear the story).

Unfortunately, it is highly unlikely that it worked like that and neither does any research and discovery which is carried out today. It is thought Pythagoras travelled widely and is highly likely to have been influenced by the architecture and construction work in places like Egypt and Babylon where he would have seen the principle working in practice. He may have been the first to prove it, however.

Research always builds on earlier research.. Scientists won't suddenly just come up with a treatment or vaccine for Covid-19 by sitting on a beach somewhere waiting for inspiration, they will be using previous research on subjects like viruses (especially Coronaviruses), the human immune system, DNA and what was done in previous pandemics for example, as well as testing new vaccines. The idea of using the blood from someone (full text is available on Gale Infotrac/ FE News) who has recovered from Covid-19 and giving it to someone who has the disease was tried in the Spanish flu pandemic in 1918 when they did not have a vaccine. The Covid-19 scientists may have been using some trial and error with this idea too but the idea was based on something that worked in the past. Scientists are currently sharing information regularly and if you look at any of the Covid-19 research sites (e.g. Cambridge Fighting COVID website and the COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium) you will see academics quoting and referring to other scientists' work as well as talking about the work they are doing themselves. They show how they have used previous research and other researchers' work.

How is this relevant to my research?

• It is always good academic practice to cite in text and reference everything you read and refer to in your assignments or presentations. Not to do this is plagiarism.
• Referencing shows you have read widely and if you show how it backs up your conclusions, your arguments are more likely to be objective and credible.
• References help someone reading your work follow the research back and give them other places to go for their research (just as you can use references in an author's bibliography for research).
• Your lecturer may disagree with your point of view but if you can show where you have found your information you are unlikely to be marked down.
• Referencing saves you copying and pasting large swathes of text (and going over your word count!) into your assignment as you can refer to some research, cite it and just summarise the relevant points in your own words. (Those who want to know more can check using the reference).
• Cite the author and year of publication throughout your assignment and then the full reference at the end (listed in alphabetical order by author).
• ARU and UCP use the Harvard referencing system and their website has examples for all sorts of resources you may use.
• The LRC has a referencing tutorial with quizzes you can do in the How do I? section of the LRC web pages on the Student Portal.

Learn about Academic Journals and how to use them.

What are Academic Journals?

Journals or periodicals are academic publications which are made up of articles which experts write to record new research and to discuss new developments in their field. For subjects like science and technology these can be particularly useful as new research is being produced all the time.

Many journals are published electronically and readers subscribe online. The library in a College or University usually subscribes to collections of these so students can use them in their study. Journals and journal articles are usually bundled together into databases with a search engine facility to help find the articles you need.

Click on the link below to see a video about journals that Nottingham University has created.

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/nmp/sonet/rlos/ebp/journals/what_are_journals/page_one.html

You can also find links to articles on Google Scholar, but you cannot guarantee that this will give you access to the full text of the article. You may need to search again for the full text article within the library databases.
ARU students can link Google Scholar to the ARU Digital Library and can access full text articles as long as they have logged in to the ARU library site first.

Print journals available in the LRC.
You can search for past articles in Gale FE News and Reference

LRC Academic Journals

The LRC at Peterborough Regional College provides access to Academic OneFile and General OneFile which include a range of journal articles on different topics. These are available from the LRC's Electronic Resources page on Moodle as part of the Gale FE News and Reference resource. UCP students also have access to a wide range of journal articles through ARU's Digital Library. 

New online learning package on Moodle

The LRC has just created a new e-learning activity which explains what academic journals are and how to use them with quizzes and activities along the way. So if you've wondered what abstracts or open access journals are or how to referencing journal articles then this could be for you. To find this go to the How Do I? section on our LRC 24/7 Moodle page.

Welcome back and LRC new drop-in sessions

Happy New Year!

Welcome back to College and we hope you enjoyed the festive break and are all set to work hard in 2019. Last week LRC staff manned a stand at the College's Staff Development Day event - Carousel of Learning - and spoke to a number of staff about the sessions and resources we offer. If you are a member of staff and missed this, feel free to come and talk to us if you want more information.

New for 2019 - LRC Lunchtime Drop-Ins 

This term the LRC librarians will be running short workshops/ drop-ins at lunchtime on Thursdays and Fridays in the LRC (Pod C). Thursday slots are 12.15-12.45pm and Friday slots are 1.15-1.45pm

Pod in the LRC
Photo: Peterborough Regional College

The themes of these will be:

Beyond Google - using Google Scholar and searching Google more effectively.

Using LRC Online Resources - introduction to e-books, online journal articles, newspapers and other interactive learning materials.

Referencing and Plagiarism - find out what plagiarism is and how to reference.

Box of Broadcasts - find out how to record, view and search for TV and radio programmes, create playlists and clips.

Information searching skills - how to search effectively and how to know good websites from bad.

Each session will run twice - once each half of the term. Please see posters in the LRC and around the college. The first one is next week - 17th January 2019.

We can only take a maximum of 5-6 students at a time (but if more of you want to attend it may be better that we come to your tutorial/ class if your lecturer is happy).

Drop-ins will have a planned structure but we don't need to keep strictly to this and we can use the time to address questions students have. If you have your own laptop you may wish to bring this with you but this isn't essential. (The LRC has laptops for use but these are in high demand so don't rely on this).

We look forward to meeting you at these sessions over the coming weeks. Any queries, please ask at the LRC desk.

Buying essays online and plagiarism

Buying essays online 

This week there has been discussion about the use of online essay-writing services which offer to write essays for payment "plagiarism free". By this they mean that the essays are written to order and are less likely to be recognised as plagiarism when checked by educational software. It does not mean that what they do is ethical or that students using them are not cheating. Universities and Colleges have strict policies on this and if you are caught you can be disciplined or even expelled from an institution.

Photograph CC0 https://pixabay.com/en/writing-write-person-paperwork-828911/

What is plagiarism?

Plagiarism is passing off something someone else has created as your own work whether intentionally or not or if you have their permission or not. ARU's Academic Honesty Policy identifies "the situation where someone has deliberately and knowingly allowed or paid another person to do their work" as fraud. It also states that "handing in something for assessment which has been produced by another student or person" is plagiarism.

How do I avoid plagiarism?

For the majority of students who do write their own assignments, there is still the need to avoid plagiarism. To do this, you need to reference everything you use whether published or not, whether written, drawn, composed, created etc. It could be a television programme, it could be an image, it could be a paragraph in a book or a section from a website. It is always best to put ideas in your own words but whether you quote directly, paraphrase or summarise, you must write a reference. It is best to do this as you use each source (so you aren't trying to remember everything at the end) and then collect them together in to one author alphabetical sequence at the end of your assignment.

The LRC at PRC have created a plagiarism and referencing learning package together with a plagiarism quiz and a referencing quiz with exercises to help you create references. These are on our 24/7 Moodle page. ARU also has one of the best guides to Harvard referencing on their website and this is what UCP students should be using. Qualified librarians can also come in to a class and deliver a session with practical activities if this is preferred. 

Stephen Hawking and Finding Theses

Stephen Hawking and Finding Theses

Stephen Hawking

This week we heard the news that cosmologist and scientist Stephen Hawking died at the age of 76. He worked as a Professor at Cambridge University and became famous for his research in to cosmology - especially black holes. His book A Brief History of Time became a bestseller.

Black hole CC0 https://pixabay.com/en/black-hole-nebula-stars-space-2483571/

The BBC have put together a Stephen Hawking quiz if you want to test your knowledge of the famous scientist.

In October 2017, Cambridge University put Hawking's PhD thesis online for the first time and the demand to read it crashed the system. It was read two million times.

Theses

What is a thesis?

According to the Collins Dictionary the definition of a thesis is a long piece of writing based on your own ideas and research that you do as part of a university degree, especially a higher degree such as a PhD. 

Are they useful?

• They are valid academic sources of information and can be used as sources of background reading and research for dissertations and assignments.
• They are published sources of information with copyright restrictions and must be cited and referenced when used as part of your academic work. ARU has instructions on how to do this using the Harvard system on their website.
• Theses will have reading lists and bibliographies like books and journals which may lead you to other sources/ authors you can read.
• Looking through recent theses in your field may give you an idea of the sorts of issues currently being researched. It may help you pinpoint what you want to choose for your research topic or give you background for a job interview.
• Some research written up in theses may also be summarised in academic journals so you may want to search the author (or the Professor who supervised the research) in a journal database too to see if you can find more context or read a summary.

Where are they stored? How do I find them?

Most universities have their own repository - usually online. ARU's for example is here. These online databases/ websites give open access to a University's research. Stephen Hawking's PhD thesis is on Apollo - the name Cambridge University have given their online repository.

However, you can be forgiven for thinking that trawling through every University's online repository one by one - especially if you don't know which University to look for - is not ideal. These online resources make this easier.

EThoS (Electronic Theses Online System) is the British Library's online repository for over 475,000 doctoral theses awarded by universities across the UK. Most are available in digital format but details of how to get a copy is given if the digital copy isn't available.

NDLTD (Networked Digital Library or Theses and Dissertations) offers access to theses mainly from America and Canada but there are some from other countries.

Finally...

We leave this week's blog with a quote from Stephen Hawking

On life...
❝One, remember to look up at the stars and not down at your feet. Two, never give up work. Work gives you meaning and purpose and life is empty without it. Three, if you are lucky enough to find love, remember it is there and don't throw it away❞ - Interview with ABC's Diane Sawyer, June 2010

Book Boxes

Book Boxes

Did you know that the LRC can put together a book box for tutors/lecturers to use in their lessons?

Ideally we like a week's notice of the topic (but we can do this quicker) and we do need to be sure that we have stock on the particular subject.

Please contact the LRC in person, by phone or email and let us know the topic, when you need it and how many students there are in the group. We will have the box ready for you to collect before your lesson and then you can return it at the end. We can also suggest other resources such as e-books. If you would like a librarian to come to your class and do an activity with your group using the box, then we can help with this also.

Pile of 5 books
https://www.pexels.com/photo/pile-of-five-books-51342/

5 things to do with a book box

1) Introduce books as a way to research

    a) Give each student a book and ask them to find a topic

    b) After 5 minutes ask students to then say how they found the information.

    c) Talk about the index and the contents pages. (Tip: go to the sections where there are the most 

        pages first before the individual pages e.g. 33-37).

    d) Discuss other ways students can know whether a book is useful for their research

        i.e. blurb on the back, author, how old it is, which country it's published in

2) Use a box of books to practice Harvard Referencing

    a) Ask students to use the plagiarism and referencing blended learning activity on the LRC 24/7             page to learn about how to reference.

    b) Then give out books and ask students to reference them either in teams or individually.

3) Use the box of books to help introduce a topic by asking the students to research it themselves

     a) Set some questions

     b) Ask students to research the answers using the books from the box (with or instead of   

         websites) either individually or as teams.

4) Use the books to inspire students when they are choosing what to do for an assignment. e.g. an art  

     assignment/ project or make up/ hair activity.

    (One of our most challenging book boxes was for an art assignment on "Containment". We had to

      find images which portrayed the idea of being contained, imprisoned, caged etc.).   

5) Use a box of fiction to encourage students to look at books to read for pleasure or to introduce 

     them to poetry. One lecturer who worked at the college in the past read with/to his students in
     their tutorials!

    

LRC Halloween book display
Photo: Peterborough Regional College

Ed Sheeran and Plagiarism

Ed Sheeran and Plagiarism

Earlier this month it was reported in the news that Ed Sheeran was being sued for over 20 million dollars for copying an existing song (Amazing) and using parts of it in his song Photograph. 

Plagiarism

Using someone's work without gaining their permission to do so or giving credit to them is a serious and expensive business and the principle behind it applies to your academic work too. As you move forward in your studies, failure to credit your sources of information can result in disciplinary action. Most Universities (including UCP) require students to submit their work through a software program which checks whether it is their own work or copied from somewhere else (from the internet, for example).

When you are learning and writing assignments, you are of course expected to read and quote other people's work. This is part of the learning process. However if you do not give credit by citing and referencing the works you've read and used in your work, you will be committing plagiarism. Including references at the end of your work, even at College, can also earn you extra marks.

Learn about plagiarism and referencing

To help you understand and apply this correctly, Library+ has created an online learning activity which can be accessed from our Library 24/7 page on Moodle. The activity is made up of 4 parts:

1) Plagiarism

2) Referencing

3) Plagiarism quiz

4) Referencing quiz

The quizzes are intended to test your knowledge having completed the corresponding learning activities first

. 

Lecturers can also ask Library+ for some code which will put a button on their course page to link to the resource. They can then see their students' test scores, if they need or want to.

For more information, please ask in Library+.

So why not have a go - either to learn from scratch or to remind yourself how to reference. The resource is new so if you have any comments on how it can be improved, then please also let Library+ know.